L-cysteine improves boar semen motility at 5 ºC but does not affect the oxidative status.

Hypothermic storage has been proposed as a method to reduce bacterial loads and promoting prudent use of antibiotics. Reducing temperature, however, can lead to cold shock damage and oxidative stress in boar semen. This study verified the effect of L-cysteine on the quality of semen stored at 5 °C for 120 h. Twenty-one normospermic ejaculates were diluted in Beltsville Thawing Solution into five treatments: Positive control (Pos_Cont, storage at 17 °C without L-cysteine) and groups with 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mmol/L of L-cysteine supplementation stored at 5 °C. Variables were analyzed as repeated measures, considering treatment, storage time, and interaction as main factors. The effects of different L-cysteine concentrations were also evaluated using polynomial orthogonal contrasts. Sperm motility and pH were higher in the Pos_Cont compared to the groups stored at 5 °C (P < 0.05). In polynomial orthogonal contrast models, total motility was affected by the interaction between L-cysteine and storage time (P = 0.04), with a linear increase in motility when increasing the amount of L-cysteine at 72 and 120 h. Progressive motility increased quadratically as the L-cysteine reached 1 mmol/L (P < 0.01). In the thermoresistance test at 120 h, sperm motility increased quadratically up to an L-cysteine dose of 1 mmol/L (P < 0.05). Sulfhydryl content linearly increased with L-cysteine supplementation (P = 0.01), with no effect on intracellular ROS and sperm lipid peroxidation (P ≥ 0.06) in 5ºC-stored doses. In conclusion, L-cysteine supplementation has a positive effect on sperm motility up to 120 h of storage at 5 °C.

Estimation of sperm concentration limits to produce intrauterine insemination doses in swine.

This study evaluated the effect of sperm concentration of boar semen doses, for intrauterine artificial insemination (IUAI), on semen quality and established concentration limits for their production. Twenty ejaculates from four crossbred mature PIC® boars were collected to produce 50 mL semen doses in a split sample, reaching the following sperm concentrations: ~20, 30, 60, and 100 × 106 cells/mL. Doses were produced using Androstar® Plus, stored at 17°C, and evaluated until 120 h of storage. There was a linear decrease in sperm motility as the sperm concentration increased (p linear < .01). The concentration which no longer affected the total and progressive motility was 59 and 55 × 106 cells/mL, respectively (corresponding to 71% and 62%, respectively). The pH linearly decreased as the sperm concentration increased (p < .01); yet, at 72 and 120 h, the parameter dramatically reduced in boar semen doses with 60 and 100 × 106 cells/mL. The percentage of cells with intact plasma and acrosomal membranes or with high mitochondrial membrane potential was not influenced by the sperm concentration (p ≥ .15). In conclusion, sperm motility was negatively affected in highly (60 and 100 × 106 cells/mL) concentrated doses. To achieve suitable sperm motility, boar semen doses may not surpass the sperm concentration of 55 × 106 cells/mL. The effect of low-concentrated boar semen doses on sperm quality still needs to be better evaluated, mainly considering the influence of extender type and thermo-resistance conditions.

Intravaginal devices impregnated with medroxyprogesterone acetate avoid early parturition and synchronize farrowing in sows.

Two experiments were performed to evaluate the use of an intravaginal device (IVD) impregnated with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) to avoid early parturition and synchronize farrowing in sows. In both experiments with IVDs, the gestation length, stillbirth rate, birth weight, colostrum yield, lactational litter performance, and subsequent reproductive performance of sows were assessed. In Experiment 1 (Exp. 1; n = 91), sows were assigned to four treatments to evaluate the minimum required MPA dose: without IVD (CONT; control), 400 mg (MPA400), 600 mg (MPA600), and 800 mg (MPA800) of MPA in the IVD. The IVD was inserted on day 110 of gestation and removed on day 115. No sows farrowed during IVD treatment. Gestation length was increased in treatments with MPA (116.4 days) compared to the control (CONT; 114.9 days; P < 0.01), without effects on piglet birth weight (P = 0.98). A lower percentage of deaths around the farrow (P = 0.02) was observed in the CONT (1.8%) compared to MPA treatments (6.8%). The dose of 400 mg of MPA, validated in Exp. 1, was used in Experiment 2 (Exp. 2; n = 84) to evaluate the performance of sows and piglets in a sow farrowing synchronization protocol. Sows were treated with MPA from days 110-114 of gestation with or without 0.168 mg of cloprostenol sodium (PGF2α), for luteolysis induction, at IVD removal. Thus, four treatments were considered: CONT - without MPA or luteolysis induction (no interventions); PGF2α - luteolysis induction on day 114 of gestation without MPA; MPA114 - MPA treatment till 114 days of gestation without luteolysis induction; MPA114 + PGF2α - MPA treatment and luteolysis induction on day 114 of gestation. The gestation length in treatments with IVDs was longer (P < 0.01) than CONT without a difference for PGF2α treatment (P = 0.46). No impact of IVD use on piglet birth weight (P = 0.67) and deaths around the farrow (P = 0.50) were observed. The colostrum yield (P = 0.65), immunocrit (P = 0.72), piglet performance during lactation (P = 0.81), and weaning-to-estrus interval (P = 0.21) were similar among treatments. In conclusion, the use of IVDs impregnated with 400 mg of MPA between days 110 and 114 of gestation prevented early parturition with no implications for piglet survival at birth, colostrum yield, or litter performance.

Sow-related factors affecting the postweaning feed intake in Landrace × Large White females.

During the weaning-to-estrus interval (WEI), a high feeding level is usually offered to recover losses due to lactational catabolism. However, several factors can affect the appetite, possibly impairing the efficacy of this strategy. This study aimed to investigate the effect of sow-related factors on average daily feed intake (ADFI) during WEI in 142 primiparous and 458 multiparous sows. After weaning, the sows received 4.3 kg/day of feed and the wastage was recorded. The ADFI after weaning was lower in primiparous than multiparous sows, and on estrous day than in 2 and 3 days preceding estrus (P ≤ 0.05). In primiparous sows, lower ADFI was observed if they had higher backfat thickness at 112 days of gestation (BFT ≥ 11.5 mm) or higher reserves at weaning (BFT ≥ 10.5 mm, caliper units ≥ 12 or ≥ 157 kg; P ≤ 0.05). Higher body reserves at the end of gestation (caliper units ≥ 12, BFT ≥ 11.0 mm, or BCS ≥ 3.0) or weaning (caliper units ≥ 13, BFT ≥ 12.5 mm) negatively affected the ADFI in multiparous sows (P < 0.04). Weaned litter size ≤ 11 piglets (P = 0.06) and shorter lactation length (P< 0.01) decreased the ADFI in primiparous sows. Greater loss in caliper units during lactation tended to reduce ADFI in primiparous and multiparous sows (P ≤ 0.07). Multiparous sows with greater losses in BFT and BCS had lower ADFI (P ≤ 0.03). The ADFI during WEI is reduced when sows are in estrus or if they have greater body reserves.

Adjusted method of penis fixation during boar semi-automatic semen collection aiming to reduce bacterial contamination.

Semen collection has an essential role in the initial bacterial load in boar ejaculates and extended semen. The study aimed to explore the efficacy of an adjusted penis fixation in a semi-automatic collection system on reducing bacterial contamination of ejaculates in two-boar studs with different scenarios. Historically, stud A had low levels of bacterial load in raw semen, while stud B had a high level of contamination. A total of 56 mature boars had their semen collected using two methods of penis fixation: (a) Traditional: The penis was fixed directly with the artificial cervix and transferred to the adjustable clamp; (b) Adjusted: The fixation was performed with one gloved-hand, and after exteriorization, the penis was gripped using the artificial cervix with the other gloved-hand and transferred to the adjustable clamp. The bacterial load (p = .0045) and the occurrence of ejaculates >231 CFU/ml (p = .0101) were reduced in the Adjusted compared to the Traditional method. Bacterial load was reduced when using the Adjusted method in stud B (p = .0011), which showed a greater occurrence of critical factors for bacterial contamination (p ≤ .0034). The Adjusted method reduced the occurrence of ejaculates >231 CFU/ml when the preputial ostium was dirty (p = .016) and the duration of semen collection was >7 min (p = .022) compared to the Traditional method. In conclusion, the Adjusted penis fixation was efficient in reducing bacterial load of ejaculates, mainly in boar stud B, which had high contamination challenges.

Follicular dynamic and reproductive performance of gilts submitted to estrous cycle synchronization using two different progestogen sources.

This study evaluated reproductive indicators of gilts treated with altrenogest or an intravaginal device (IVD) containing medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) for estrous cycle synchronization, starting the protocol on different days of the estrous cycle or replacing the IVD in the middle of treatment. In Experiment 1, 126 gilts were assigned, according to the day of treatment onset (Day 5 or 10 of the estrous cycle), to the following treatments: Control-5 (no hormone); Control-10 (no hormone); IVD-5 (IVD with MPA); IVD-10 (IVD with MPA); ALT-5 (altrenogest); or ALT-10 (altrenogest). The first day of the previous estrus was considered as Day 0 of the estrous cycle, and progestogen groups were treated for 14 d. In Experiment 2, 63 gilts were assigned to Control, ALT, or IVD groups. Progestogen treatment started on Day 10 of the estrous cycle, and the IVD was replaced after 7 d of treatment. In both experiments, no gilts expressed estrus during progestogen administration. In Experiment 1, the interval hormonal withdrawal-to-estrus (IHE) tended to be shorter when treatment started on Day 10 than on Day 5 (3.6 vs. 4.1 d, respectively; P = 0.09). The percentage of gilts expressing estrus after hormone withdrawal was lower for IVD-gilts (76.3%) compared to ALT (100%) and Control-gilts (92.9%; P ≤ 0.07). The percentage of persistent follicles (PFOL) was greater in IVD-10 (60.0%) and ALT-10 (33.3%) than CONT-10 (0.0%; P ≤ 0.06). The adjusted farrowing rate (AFR) was lower in IVD (65.5%) and ALT (80.5%) compared with CONT (97.4%; P ≤ 0.08). In Experiment 2, the IHE was longer for ALT than IVD (4.9 vs. 3.9 d, respectively; P < 0.01). No difference among groups was observed in the percentage of gilts expressing estrus (overall 86.4%), but the occurrence of PFOL was higher in IVD (61.5%) compared to ALT (5.3%), and Control groups (10.5%; P < 0.01). The AFR was lower in IVD (53.8%) than in ALT (88.2%) and Control (94.7%; P ≤ 0.05). The total number of piglets born was not affected by hormonal treatments in either experiment. Estrous expression was delayed in gilts treated with altrenogest or IVD-MPA. However, the reproductive performance of IVD-gilts was compromised, which was not circumvented by IVD replacement in the middle of treatment. Therefore, further studies are necessary to understand MPA pharmacodynamics and investigate alternative devices for a steady release of progestogens in gilts.

Antibiotic-free extended boar semen preserved under low temperature maintains acceptable in-vitro sperm quality and reduces bacterial load.

This study aimed to assess the sperm quality and number of colony-forming units (CFU mL-1) in extended boar semen stored at low temperatures with or without antibiotics. Normospermic ejaculates (n = 34) were diluted in split samples with Androstar® Premium with or without antibiotics (ampicillin and apramycin sulfate). The extended semen doses were stored for 120 h under three storage temperatures (5, 10, and 17 °C). Variables were analyzed as repeated measures using the GLIMMIX procedure, in a factorial design. The extended semen doses under low-temperature storage (5 and 10 °C) had total motility above 75% throughout the storage. The interaction antibiotic × temperature was significant for total (P = 0.004) and progressive motility (P = 0.005). In extended boar semen doses with antibiotics, the total and progressive motility increased as the storage temperature increased (80.2%, 84.5%, and 89.1%; 70.5%, 76.0%, and 82.9% for total and progressive motility at 5, 10, and 17 °C, respectively; P < 0.05). In extended semen doses without antibiotics, the total and progressive motility were lower when stored at 5 °C than at 10 °C and 17 °C (81.8%, 85.4% and 86.6% and 71.9%, 76.7%, 78.9% for total and progressive motility at 5, 10, and 17 °C, respectively; P < 0.05). After the thermoresistance test, total and progressive motility of doses with antibiotics were higher at 17 °C than 5 °C (P < 0.05); however, they were not affected (P > 0.05) by storage temperature in extended semen doses without antibiotics. The number of CFU mL-1 was lower in extended semen doses without antibiotics stored at 5 and 10 °C than at 17 °C (P < 0.05); however, in extended semen doses with antibiotics, no effect of storage temperature was observed (P > 0.05). The bacterial load was greater in extended semen without antibiotics than with antibiotics, regardless of the storage temperature (P < 0.05). The acrosome and sperm membrane integrity were not influenced (P > 0.05) by using antibiotics. A higher percentage of normal acrosomes was observed as the storage temperature increased (93.6%, 94.3%, and 96.8% at 5, 10, and 17 °C, respectively; P < 0.0001). The membrane integrity was higher (P < 0.0001) in extended semen doses stored at 17 °C than at 10 or 5 °C. The pH rose throughout the storage in all the treatments, except in extended semen doses stored at 17 °C without antibiotics, in which a decrease in the pH occurred at 120 h (P < 0.05). Although the sperm quality being negatively affected by low temperatures, the storage of extended boar semen doses at 5 °C is possible since the sperm viability in vitro was maintained for up to 5 days, fulfilling the requirements of semen quality to be used in artificial insemination. Nevertheless, the use of extended semen doses without antibiotics requires the optimization of hygiene procedures during semen dose processing.

Differential seminal plasma proteome signatures of boars with high and low resistance to hypothermic semen preservation at 5°C.

BACKGROUND: Hypothermic storage at 5°C has been investigated as an alternative to promote the prudent use of antibiotics for boar artificial insemination doses. However, this temperature is challenging for some ejaculates or boars. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to identify putative biomarkers for semen resistance to hypothermic storage at 5°C by comparing the seminal plasma proteomes of boars with high and low seminal resistance to preservation at 5°C. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From an initial group of 34 boars, 15 were selected based on the following criteria: ejaculate with ≤20% abnormal spermatozoa and at least 70% progressive motility at 120 hours of storage at 17°C. Then, based on the response to semen hypothermic storage at 5°C, boars were classified into two categories: high resistance-progressive motility of >75% in the three collections (n = 3); and low resistance-progressive motility of <75% in the three collections (n = 3). Seminal plasma proteins were analyzed in pools, and differential proteomics was performed using Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology. RESULTS: Progressive motility was lower at 120 hours of storage in low resistance, compared to high resistance boars (P < .05). Acrosome and plasma membrane integrity were not affected by the boar category, storage time, or their interaction (P ≥ .104). Sixty-five proteins were considered for differential proteomics. Among the differentially expressed and exclusive proteins, the identification of proteins such cathepsin B, legumain, and cystatin B suggests significant changes in key enzymes (eg, metalloproteinases) involved in spermatogenesis, sperm integrity, and fertilizing potential. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Differences in the seminal plasma suggest that proteins involved in the proteolytic activation of metalloproteinases and proteins related to immune response modulation could disrupt key cellular pathways during spermatogenesis and epididymal maturation, resulting in altered resistance to chilling injury. Further in vivo studies focusing on the immunological crosstalk between epithelial cells and gametes might explain how the immune regulators influence sperm resistance to hipothermic storage.

Effects of intravaginal devices containing different dosages of medroxyprogesterone acetate for the control of the estrous cycle in gilts.

This aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of intravaginal devices (IVDs), containing medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), for controlling the estrous cycle in pubertal gilts. Gilts were assigned to four treatments: Control (no IVD); IVD containing 100 (IVD100), 200 (IVD200) or 400 mg (IVD400) of MPA. The IVDs were inserted on day 12 of the estrous cycle and maintained intra-vaginally for 14 days. The percentage of gilts in estrus, interval between IVD removal and estrous onset, adjusted farrowing rate (AFR), total number of piglets born (TPB), follicle size and serum progesterone (P4) were recorded. None of the gilts expressed estrus during the IVD treatment period. All gilts of the control group expressed estrus (15/15; 100%) which was greater (P =  0.03) than all IVD-treated gilts (33/44; 75%); however, there were no treatment differences (P =  0.09). The interval between IVD removal and estrous onset was shorter for IVD100 (3.8 ± 0.6 d) compared to IVD400 (5.3 ± 0.6 d; P = 0.05). The IVD400-treated gilts had smaller follicles than the IVD100-treated gilts (P =  0.05). The P4 concentrations were similar among treated groups (P =  0.99). The AFR did not differ among treatment groups (P = 0.37); however, the control group had a greater TPB than the other treatment groups (P =  0.04). The gilts treated with IVDs had longer interval to estrous expression. The most effective dosage was 400 mg of MPA, considering both the minimal follicular growth during the IVD treatment period and the lesser numbers of persistent follicles.

Impact of feed intake during late gestation on piglet birth weight and reproductive performance: a dose-response study performed in gilts.

The effects of increasing feed intake (1.8, 2.3, 2.8, and 3.3 kg/d) during late gestation of gilts on piglet birth weight and female reproductive performance were evaluated. A total of 977 gilts were fed a diet based on corn-soybean meal (3.29 Mcal ME per kg and 0.64% standardized ileal digestible lysine) from day 90 of gestation until farrowing. Gilts were weighed on days 90 and 112 of gestation, at farrowing and weaning. Born alive and stillborn piglets were weighed within 12 h of birth. Colostrum yield (CY), lactation feed intake, and litter growth rate were measured in a randomly selected subsample of 245 gilts. The data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models. As expected, gains in body weight (BW) were different at day 112 (P < 0.001) with the greatest values observed in the 3.3 kg/d treatment. As feed intake increased during late gestation, BW, body condition score (BCS), backfat (BF), and Caliper unit also increased between day 112 and weaning (P < 0.001). No differences were found among treatments in total number of piglets born, mummified fetuses, sum of born alive and stillborn piglets, and within-litter birth weight CV (P > 0.05). Tendencies for quadratic effect of feed intake were observed for born alive piglets (P = 0.079), average birth weight of piglets (P = 0.083), and litter weight (P = 0.059). Gilts with lower feed intake during late gestation had reduced percentages of stillborn piglets than gilts with greater feed intakes. The CY decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as the feed intake was increased. No differences among treatments were found at weaning in individual piglet weight and litter weight, as well as in percentage of weaned piglets (P > 0.05). Lactation feed intake decreased as gestation feeding level increased (P < 0.05). No differences in the subsequent cycle were observed among treatments for farrowing rate, retention rate up to the next farrowing, number of total piglets born, born alive, stillborn piglets, and mummified fetuses (P > 0.05). In conclusion, increased feed intake from day 90 of gestation until farrowing resulted in increased maternal BW gain and stillborn rate, but reduced CY and lactation feed intake. A slight increase in birth weight was observed for the 2.3 kg/d treatment. Furthermore, litter growth and subsequent female reproductive performance were not affected by feed intake during late gestation.

Two different feeding levels during late gestation in gilts and sows under commercial conditions: impact on piglet birth weight and female reproductive performance.

The increase in the litter size in past decades has caused reduction in the individual piglet birth weight. Therefore, nutritional strategies employed in the last third of gestation in order to improve the piglet birth weight have been studied. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of 2 different feeding levels (1.8 and 2.2 kg/d) in the last third of gestation on the piglet birth weight and the female reproductive performance. A total of 407 females were fed on a diet based on corn-soybean meal (3.25 Mcal ME per kg and 0.65% standardized ileal digestible lysine) from day 90 of gestation until farrowing. The females were weighed on day 90 and day 112 of gestation, and at weaning. Born alive and stillborn piglets were weighed within 12 h of birth. The lactation feed intake and the litter growth rate were measured in a randomly selected subsample of 53 sows from each treatment. The data were analyzed using the generalized linear mixed models, considering the females as the experimental unit. Parity, treatment, and their interaction were analyzed for all responses. The females fed on 2.2 kg/d of diet from day 90 to day 112 exhibited greater body weight gain compared to the females fed on 1.8 kg/d (P < 0.001). No evidence of the effects of feeding levels on the individual piglet birth weight and on the within-litter CV were observed, for both gilts and sows (P ≥ 0.90). Similarly, when the classes of the total born piglets were considered in the analysis (<15 and ≥15 for gilts; <16 and ≥16 for sows), no positive effects of increasing the feeding level were observed on the individual piglet birth weight and the within-litter CV (P ≥ 0.47). Also, no differences in the stillborn rate, mummified-fetus rate, and percentage of piglets weighing less than 1,000 g at birth were observed between the treatments (P ≥ 0.28). The females fed on 1.8 kg/d of diet exhibited greater feed intake during lactation, compared to the females fed on 2.2 kg/d (P < 0.05). Weaning weight, weaning-to-estrus interval, subsequent litter size, and culling rate were not affected by the dietary levels (P ≥ 0.23). In conclusion, increasing the feed intake from day 90 of gestation until farrowing increased the body weight gain in sow, demonstrated no effect on the piglet birth weight, and reduced the lactation feed intake. Furthermore, there was no evidence of the effects of the treatments on the litter growth rate or on the subsequent female reproductive performance.

Assessment of different storage conditions for Staphylococcus hyicus survival.

INTRODUCTION: Collecting swabs from skin lesions for bacteriological examination is frequently performed to the diagnosis of exudative epidermitis. This method is fast and non-invasive, but it depends directly on the viability of bacteria in clinical samples, which can be influenced by storage and shipment temperatures and the time of transportation. The aim of this study was to assess the capacity of four commercial transport media and swabs with no transport medium to preserve Staphylococcus hyicus (S. hyicus) for up to 10 days at room temperature and under refrigeration. METHODOLOGY: Samples were stored in swabs with no transport medium and four transport media (Amies, Amies with charcoal, Cary Blair and Stuart) for 10 days at room temperature and under refrigeration. Swabs were plated in Tween 80 Agar and colonies counted. RESULTS: Samples kept in transport media showed better performance (P < 0.05) under refrigeration. Storage under refrigeration in Amies medium showed better results than all other transport media and swabs (P < 0.05). Amies medium and swabs with no transport medium showed comparable results in room temperature (P > 0.05). In additional, refrigerated Amies medium and swabs with no transport medium at room temperature showed high performance for up to nine and three storage days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The recovery of S. hyicus in samples stored in Amies medium under refrigeration was higher when compared to other transport media. In addition, swabs with no transport medium could also be indicated when samples are stored at room temperature within three days.

Sperm quality and oxidative status as affected by homogenization of liquid-stored boar semen diluted in short- and long-term extenders.

Homogenization of diluted boar semen during storage has for a long time been regarded as beneficial. Recent studies indicated an adverse effect of homogenization on sperm quality for yet unknown reasons. This study aimed to verify the effect of homogenization on sperm parameters and to elucidate the impact of oxidative stress. Twenty-one normospermic ejaculates (21 boars) were diluted with Androstar® Plus (AND) and Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS). Semen doses were submitted to no-homogenization (NoHom) or twice-a-day manual homogenization (2xHom) during storage at 17°C for 168h. NoHom and 2xHom were similar (P>0.05) for both short- and long-term extenders with respect to motility and kinematics parameters (CASA system), membrane viability (SYBR-14/PI), acrosome integrity, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, intracellular reactive oxygen species, sulfhydryl content, and total radical-trapping antioxidant potential. 2xHom reduced sperm motility and motion kinematics (VCL, VSL, VAP, BCF, and ALH) following the thermoresistance test and presented with a slight increase in pH along the storage (P=0.05) as compared to NoHom. Furthermore, 2xHom semen doses presented with a constant SOD and GSH-Px activity during storage whereas enzymatic activity increased for NoHom at the end of the storage. These findings confirm that homogenization of semen doses is detrimental to sperm quality. Moreover, it is shown that the effect of homogenization is unlikely to be primarily related to oxidative stress. Homogenization is not recommended for storage of liquid boar semen for up to 168h in both short- and long-term extenders.

Top-dressing 1% arginine supplementation in the lactation diet of sows does not affect the litter performance and milk composition / A suplementação de 1% de arginina via top-dress na dieta de lactação de porcas não afeta o desempenho das leitegadas e a composição do leite

ABSTRACT: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of arginine supplementation in the lactation diet of sows on their milk composition, litter performance and piglet survival. Sixty-four lactating Landrace x Large White sows, parity 1 to 7, were randomly assigned to two treatments: 1) Control - a corn/soybean meal based diet with 1.10% standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine and 3,475kcal of metabolizable energy (ME) kg-1, and 2) arginine - the control diet top-dressed daily with arginine at 1% of feed allowance. The daily feed allowance per sow was 5.0 and 7.5kg from day (D)0 to D7 and D8 to D21, respectively. The average litter size was 12.8 piglets after cross-fostering. Litters were weighed on D1, D10, and D21 of lactation and pre-weaning mortality was recorded. Samples of milk (60mL) were collected from all functional teats at D10 and D20 of lactation. There were no effects (P>0.05) of arginine supplementation on piglet weight, litter weight, and average daily gain of piglets at D10 and D21 of lactation. The interaction between weight day and treatment was not significant (P>0.05) for any of these response variables. The percentages of piglets that survived until D10 and D21 were 90.3% and 88.3%, respectively, with no difference (P>0.05) between treatments. There were no effects (P>0.05) of the lactation day (D10 or D20), treatment or the interaction between them on crude protein and amino acid content in milk. Top-dressing arginine at 1% of feed allowance of the lactation diet of sows does not affect litter performance and survival and does not influence the amino acid content or arginine: lysine ratio of milk.

RESUMO: O estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da suplementação de arginina na dieta de lactação de porcas sobre a composição do leite, desempenho da leitegada e sobrevivência dos leitões. Foram utilizadas 64 porcas lactantes Landrace - Large White, com parição de 1 a 7, aleatoriamente distribuídas em dois tratamentos: 1) Controle - dieta a base de milho e soja com 1,10% de lisina digestível e 3.475kcal de energia metabolizável; e 2) Arginina - dieta controle suplementada com arginina via top-dress em nível de 1% sobre a dieta fornecida. Diariamente, as matrizes receberam 5,0 e 7,5kg do D0 ao D7 e D8 ao D21, respectivamente. Após a uniformização das leitegadas, o número médio de lactentes foi de 12,8 leitões. As leitegadas foram pesadas no D1, D10 e D21 da lactação e a mortalidade pré-desmame foi registrada. Foram coletadas amostras de leite (60mL) de todas as tetas funcionais de cada porca no D10 e no D20 da lactação. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) da suplementação de arginina sobre o peso dos leitões, peso da leitegada e ganho de peso médio diário dos leitões no D10 e D21 da lactação. A interação entre dia da pesagem e tratamento não foi significativa (P>0,05) para as variáveis-resposta analisadas. Os percentuais de leitões vivos até o D10 e D21 foram de 90,3% e 88,3%, respectivamente, sem diferença (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) do dia de lactação (D10 ou D20), tratamento ou interação entre eles na proteína bruta e conteúdo de aminoácidos do leite. A suplementação de arginina em nível de 1% da dieta fornecida diariamente não teve efeito sobre o desempenho e sobrevivência da leitegada e não influenciou no conteúdo de aminoácidos ou na relação arginina:lisina do leite.

Evaporative snout cooling system on the performance of lactating sows and their litters in a subtropical region / Sistema de resfriamento adiabático evaporativo conduzido por ductos no desempenho de fêmeas suínas em lactação e suas leitegadas

The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of different temperature control systems on the voluntary feed intake (VFI), percentage of weight loss (PWL) and performance of lactating sows as well as on the weight of their piglets. Two systems were used: traditional temperature control system (TTCS) with curtain management and an evaporative snout cooling system (ESCS). The study was performed during the summer of 2011. After farrowing and at the weaning, 241 sows were weighed to evaluate the PWL during lactation. TTCS sows lost more weight (5.3±0.9%; P<0.05) than ESCS sows (2.2±0.9%). VFI was measured at intervals of four days in 32 primiparous and 39 multiparous sows. ESCS sows had higher VFI (5.8±0.2kg day-1; P<0.05) than TTCS sows (4.8±0.2kg day-1). Primiparous sows (4.4±0.2kg day-1) had a lower VFI than multiparous sows (6.3±0.2kg day-1, P<0.05) regardless of the temperature control system. Primiparous sows in the TTCS (10.9±1.3 days) had a longer weaning-to-oestrus interval than primiparous sows in the ESCS (7.0±1.2 days, P<0.05). Subsequent litter size tended to be higher (P=0.095) in ESCS than in TTCS (12.0±0.5 and 10.9±0.6 piglets born, respectively). Litters housed in ESCS were heavier (65.3±1.4kg; P<0.05) at weaning than litters in TTCS (60.7±1.4kg). The results suggest that in general sows and piglets housed in the ESCS have better performance than sows and piglets housed in TTCS.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influência de diferentes sistemas de controle de temperatura sobre o consumo voluntário de ração (VFI), porcentagem de peso perdido (PWL) e desempenho de fêmeas lactantes e de suas leitegadas. Dois sistemas foram utilizados no estudo: o sistema tradicional de controle de temperatura (TTCS), com manejo de cortina e o sistema de resfriamento adiabático evaporativo (ESCS). O estudo foi realizado no verão de 2011. Após o parto e ao desmame, 241 fêmeas foram pesadas e foi avaliado o PWL durante a lactação. Fêmeas TTCS perderam mais peso (5,3±0,9%; P<0,05) do que as fêmeas ESCS (2,2±0,9%). VFI foi medido em intervalos de quatro dias em 32 fêmeas primíparas e 39 multíparas. Fêmeas ESCS tiveram maior VFI (5,8±0,2kg-1 dia; P<0,05) do que fêmeas TTCS (4,8±0,2 kg dia-1). Primíparas (4,4±0,2kg dia-1) tiveram menor VFI do que multíparas (6,3±0,2 kg dia-1, P<0,05), independentemente do sistema de controle de temperatura utilizado. Primíparas do TTCS (10,9±1,3 dias) tiveram maior intervalo desmame-estro do que primíparas do ESCS (7,0±1,2 dias, P<0,05). O tamanho da leitegada do parto subsequente tendeu a ser maior (P=0,095) no grupo alojado no ESCS do que no TTCS (12,0±0,5 e 10,9±0,6 leitões nascidos, respectivamente). Leitegadas alojadas no ESCS foram mais pesadas (65,3±1,4kg; P<0,05) ao desmame do que no TTCS (60,7±1,4kg). Os resultados observados sugerem que fêmeas e leitões alojados no ESCS apresentam melhor desempenho do que fêmeas e leitões alojados no TTCS.

Porcine luteinising hormone given at oestrus onset by intramuscularroute does not advance ovulation in gilts / Hormônio luteinizante suíno aplicado no início do estro pela via intramuscular não antecipa a ovulação em leitoas

This study aimed to evaluate the use of porcine luteinising hormone (pLH) given at oestrus onset in gilts to synchronise ovulation. A total of 120 gilts (40/treatment) were assigned in three treatments: control - application of placebo by intramuscular (i.m.) route at oestrus onset; pLH2.5 - application of 2.5mg of pLH by i.m. route at oestrus onset; pLH5 - application of 5mg of pLH by i.m. route at oestrus onset. On average, the interval onset of oestrus to ovulation did not differ (P>0.05) among treatments (control - 28.7±1.6h; pLH2.5 - 28.2±1.6h; pLH5 - 27.5±1.6h). The frequency distribution of gilts ovulated in different moments after oestrus detection was not affected (P>0.05) by the treatment. In conclusion, the use of 2.5mg or 5mg of pLH given at oestrus onset in gilts by i.m. route does not advance and synchronises the interval onset of oestrus to ovulation.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o uso do hormônio luteizante suíno (pLH) aplicado no início do estro em leitoas para sincronização da ovulação. Um total de 120 leitoas (40/tratamento) foram distribuídas em três tratamentos: controle - aplicação de placebo por via intramuscular (i.m.) no início do estro; pLH2,5 - aplicação de 2,5mg de pLH por via i.m. no início do estro; pLH5 - aplicação de 5mg de pLH por via i.m. no início do estro. Em média, o intervalo início do estro e a ovulação não diferiu (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos (controle - 28,7±1,6 h; pLH2,5 - 28,2±1,6h; pLH5 - 27,5±1,6h). A distribuição de frequência de leitoas ovuladas em diferentes momentos após a detecção de estro não foi afetada pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). Assim, o uso de 2,5mg ou 5mg de pLH aplicado no início do estro por via i.m. em leitoas não antecipa nem sincroniza o intervalo início do estro e a ovulação.

Higher feeding diets effects on age and liveweight gain at puberty in crossbred Nelore × Hereford heifers.

This study was conducted to determine the age and liveweight at puberty of 120 crossbred beef heifers submitted to four diets to achieve predetermined weight gains (kg/day): 0.5 (G500; n = 32), 0.75 (G750; n = 32), 1.0 (G1000; n = 29), and 1.25 (G1250; n = 27). Animals were classified depending on their level of crossing between Nelore (N) and Hereford (H): 25%N-75%H, 37.5%N-63.5%H, 43.7%N-56.7%H, 50%N-50%H, and 75%N-25%H. Reproductive evaluation was performed at the beginning and at the end of the experimental period by ultrasonography and hormone analysis. The average age and liveweight at puberty were 388.0 ± 1.9 days and 331.4 ± 1.3 kg, respectively. Animals from the 25%N-75%H group reached puberty earlier than heifers from other genetic groups supplemented with G1250 diet (P < 0.05). Heifers with higher degree of Nelore (75%N-25%H) fed with G1000 diet showed estrus 42 days prior to mating, but only 57% reached puberty at mating (P < 0.05). Heifers with follicles of higher diameter reached puberty (P < 0.05) earlier. Higher average daily weight gain showed a positive effect on follicular diameter and IGF-I level at puberty (P < 0.01). Concentrations of GH were lower in heifers fed G1250 compared to G1000 diet (P < 0.05). There was a significant interaction between nutritional level and insulin levels at puberty (P < 0.01). We demonstrated the relationship between IGF-I and average daily gain on the onset of puberty in heifers. In conclusion, heifers submitted to the higher feeding level showed a higher follicular diameter and were younger at puberty.

Lysine supplementation in late gestation of gilts: effects on piglet birth weight, and gestational and lactational performance / Suplementação de lisina no terço final da gestação de leitoas: efeitos no peso ao nascimento de leitões e no desempenho gestacional e lactacional

Lysine requirements for gain in maternal body reserves and piglet birth weight, during pregnancy, in contemporary prolific genotypes, are not well established. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary lysine in late pregnancy on piglet birth weight, and on the gestational and lactational performance of gilts. Pregnant gilts were uniformly distributed into two groups and received, from 85 to 110 days of gestation, either of two lysine levels in their diet: Control group - 28g lysine/day (n=136), and Lysine group - 35g lysine/day (n=141). There were no effects (P>0.10) of supplemental lysine on body weight and backfat (BF) gain of females or on piglet birth weight. Gilts supplemented with lysine tended to have a lower percentage of stillbirths (P=0.077), reduced within-litter birth weight variation (P=0.094) and a lower percentage of piglets weighing less than 1100g (P=0.082) than in the Control group. During lactation, the performance of sows and litters was also evaluated in a subgroup of sows (n=26/group). There were no differences between the Control and Lysine groups (P>0.10) in voluntary feed intake, body reserve losses (weight and BF), weaning-to-estrus interval of the sows, and litter weaning weight. In conclusion, an increase in lysine (from 28 to 35g/day) in late gestation of gilts (85 to 110 days) tends to reduce the rate of stillbirths and to improve the uniformity of litter weight at birth, but does not affect the performance of females until farrowing or during subsequent lactation.

As exigências de lisina durante a gestação, para o ganho de reservas corporais maternas e peso ao nascer dos leitões, não estão bem estabelecidas nos genótipos contemporâneos prolíficos. Este estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito da suplementação de lisina no terço final da gestação, sobre o peso ao nascer dos leitões e o desempenho gestacional e lactacional de leitoas. Leitoas prenhes foram uniformemente distribuídas em dois grupos que receberam, dos 85 aos 110 dias de gestação, diferentes níveis de lisina na dieta: Grupo Controle - 28g lisina/dia (n=136), e Grupo Lisina - 35g lisina/dia (n=141). Não houve efeito (P>0,10) da suplementação de lisina no ganho de peso e espessura de toucinho (ET) das fêmeas e no peso dos leitões ao nascer. Leitoas suplementadas com lisina tenderam a ter menor percentagem de natimortos (P=0,077), menor variação de peso dentro da leitegada (P= 0,094) e menor percentagem de leitões pesando menos que 1100g (P=0,082), em comparação ao grupo controle. Durante a lactação, o desempenho das fêmeas e das leitegadas foi avaliado em um subgrupo de fêmeas (n=26/grupo). Não houve diferença entre os grupos Controle e Lisina (P>0,10) no consumo voluntário de ração, perdas de reservas corporais (peso e ET), intervalo desmame-estro das fêmeas e peso da leitegada ao desmame. Em conclusão, um incremento de lisina (de 28 para 35g dia-1) no terço final da gestação de leitoas (85 até 110 dias) tende a reduzir o número de natimortos e aumentar a uniformidade do peso dos leitões ao nascer, mas não afeta o desempenho das fêmeas até o parto ou na fase lactacional subsequente.

Risk factors for bacterial contamination during boar semen collection.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of multiple factors on bacterial contamination in 213 ejaculates from four boar studs. Semen contamination by aerobic mesophiles increased in ejaculates where the preputial fluid flowed into the collection container, collection glove was dirty, preputial hair was long (>1.0 cm), the collection lasted >7 min and boars were older than 18 months. An increase in coliforms occurred when preputial fluid dripped into the collection container, collections lasted >7 min or when penis escaped during collection. Semen contamination increased when two or more factors related to hygiene (poor hygiene of the boar, dirty preputial ostium, large preputial diverticulum, long preputial hair, dirty gloves, preputial liquid trickling from the hand of the technician into the semen container and penis escaping) were present. A vigilant protocol of collection must be followed to minimize bacterial contamination, especially avoiding dripping of preputial liquid into the semen container.

Indução de partos em suínos: uso de cloprostenol associado com ocitocina ou carbetocina / Farrowing induction in swine: use of cloprostenol associated with oxytocin or carbetocin

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de um análogo sintético da PGF2 (cloprostenol sodico), associado à ocitocina ou carbetocina, sobre a eficiência da indução ao parto em suínos. O experimento I foi realizado com 284 fêmeas, distribuídas em quatro tratamentos: cloprostenol; cloprostenol e 0,100mg de carbetocina; cloprostenol e 10UI de ocitocina; solução salina (NaCl 0,9 por cento). No experimento II, foram utilizadas 276 fêmeas, distribuídas em quatro tratamentos: cloprostenol; cloprostenol e 0,10mg de carbetocina; cloprostenol e 0,05mg de carbetocina; cloprostenol e 10UI de ocitocina. A indução do parto foi realizada aos 113 dias de gestação, pela aplicação de 0,175mg de cloprostenol, via submucosa vulvar. A carbetocina ou a ocitocina foram aplicadas 24h após a aplicação de cloprostenol, pela via intramuscular. O intervalo indução-parto foi menor (P<0,05) nos grupos cujo parto foi induzido com cloprostenol, em comparação ao grupo sem indução do parto. A aplicação de carbetocina ou ocitocina resultou em maior concentração dos partos (P<0,05) até 26 e 28h após a administração de cloprostenol. A utilização de carbetocina resultou em menor (P<0,05) duração do parto. No experimento I, o uso de ocitocina ou de carbetocina resultou em maior natimortalidade (P<0,05) do que no grupo sem indução do parto. Além disso, a natimortalidade foi maior (P<0,05) com o uso de carbetocina do que na indução somente com cloprostenol. No experimento II, não houve diferença na natimortalidade (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. A utilização de ocitócitos, em associação com cloprostenol, resulta em partos antecipados e mais sincronizados. O uso associado de cloprostenol e carbetocina reduz o tempo de parto e 99 por cento ou mais dos partos ocorrem em até quatro horas após a aplicação de carbetocina, independentemente da dose utilizada.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a synthetic analogue of PGF2 (sodium cloprostenol) associated to carbetocin or oxytocin on the efficiency of farrowing induction in swine. In Experiment I, 284 females were distributed in four treatments: - cloprostenol; - cloprostenol and 0.10mg of carbetocin; - cloprostenol and 10UI of oxytocin; and saline solution. In Experiment II, 276 females were distributed in four treatments: cloprostenol; cloprostenol and 0.10mg of carbetocin; cloprostenol and 0.05mg of carbetocin; and cloprostenol and 10UI of oxytocin. Farrowing induction was performed at 113 days of gestation using an injection of 0.175mg cloprostenol by vulvar submucosal route. Carbetocin or oxytocin was administered 24h after cloprostenol, by intramuscular route. The interval induction-farrowing was shorter (P<0.05) in groups with cloprostenol compared to the group without farrowing induction. Cumulative farrowing, within 26h and 28h after cloprostenol administration, was higher (P<0.05) when carbetocin or oxytocin was used. The use of carbetocin resulted in a shorter (P<0.05) farrowing length. In experiment I, higher stillbirth rate (P<0.05) was observed with the use of carbetocin or oxytocin compared to group without farrowing induction. Furthermore, stillbirth rate was higher (P<0.05) with cloprostenol + carbetocin than with cloprostenol alone. In experiment II, there was no difference (P>0.05) in stillbirth rate among treatments. The use of oxytocic drugs, in association with cloprostenol, results in anticipated and more synchronized farrowings. Following the use of carbetocin in association with cloprostenol, occurs a reduction in farrowing length and 99 percent or more of farrowings take place within 4h after carbetocin administration, regardless of the dose used.